Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900-1937

There is a great existing literature on prostitution in republican China…

There have been some great books on this subject – (think Gail Hershatter’s 1999 Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth Century Shanghai is useful for understanding the developing of the city’s brothel business as well as Henriot and Noel Castalino’s Prostitution and Sexuality in Shanghai: A Social History 1849-1949 (2001). Elizabeth Remick’s Regulating Prostitution in China looks like a worthy addition….

In the early decades of the twentieth century, prostitution was one of only a few fates available to women and girls besides wife, servant, or factory worker. At the turn of the century, cities across China began to register, tax, and monitor prostitutes, taking different forms in different cities. Intervention by way of prostitution regulation connected the local state, politics, and gender relations in important new ways. The decisions that local governments made about how to deal with gender, and specifically the thorny issue of prostitution, had concrete and measurable effects on the structures and capacities of the state.

This book examines how the ways in which local government chose to shape the institution of prostitution ended up transforming local states themselves. It begins by looking at the origins of prostitution regulation in Europe and how it spread from there to China via Tokyo. Elizabeth Remick then drills down into the different regulatory approaches of Guangzhou (revenue-intensive), Kunming (coercion-intensive), and Hangzhou (light regulation). In all three cases, there were distinct consequences and implications for statebuilding, some of which made governments bigger and wealthier, some of which weakened and undermined development. This study makes a strong case for why gender needs to be written into the story of statebuilding in China, even though women, generally barred from political life at that time in China, were not visible political actors.

Luke Him Sau, Architect: China’s Missing Modern

Rediscovering China’s “lost’ modernists is something of a craze at the moment – Lao She rediscovered in 1920s London courtesy of Anne Witchard, Mu Shiying rediscovered in English courtesy of Andrew Field. The more rediscoveries the better I say. And so all hail Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren for rediscovering Luke Him Sau in a new book. More details on the modernist architect below, plus details of the London launch of the book on April 2nd for all interested….

The Sinica Podcast – Mark O’Neill on The Chinese Labour Corps

Following the publication of his Penguin Special on The Chinese Labour Corps Mark O’Neill talks the Coolie Corps and World War One on the excellent Sinica podcast….click here

Just for a Change – A Little Old Bombay

Just for a change today, a few shots of old Bombay…

Elphinstone Circle remains a marvellous site of old Bombay, and in pretty good nick considering (it helps that some of the shops at ground level have been refurbished with brands like Hermes moving in). The park in the middle of the circle is also still in fairly good working order. The Circle dates back to the 1840s and the park was long a favourite meeting spot for the city’s Parsi community.

Kala Ghoda (which means black horse) was named after the black stone statue of King Edward VII. The statue was a gift from the Sassoon’s around 1870. It’s now housed at the V&A Museum (later renamed the Bhau Daji Lad Museum) in Byculla.

The Bombay Town Hall was built around 1830 and still stands and looks magnificent as an example of Greco-Roman influenced architecture in Bombay and rivals the British Museum building in London for grandeur. It was formerly the home of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay and remains in use as a library with 800,000 antique volumes (including, I believe, one of only two original copies of Dante’s Inferno)

World War One’s Great Shanghai Swindel – The Timmerscheidt Scandal

Richard Adam Timmerscheidt had lived for a time in Shanghai and Hong Kong claiming he was an American and during the First World War vocally opposed the Kaiser in China to anyone who would listen. In actual fact he was a German who had fraudulently obtained American citizenship just four months before the war broke out which allowed him to continue to operate within the American and allied world of Shanghai. He had earlier resigned from his job with the China offices of the German brokerage firm Ladenburg, Thalmann and Company to work briefly for a finance firm in Berlin before returning to the Far East and taking up the influential post of Manager of the Hong Kong branch of the German Asiatic Bank which was closely connected to the Qing Imperial Government in Peking. It was during this period he got to know many prominent Shanghailanders from all sides of the tracks.

 

After the war broke out Timmerscheidt moved to New York to run the Manhattan operations of the German Asiatic Bank. While in America he contacted many of his old Hong Kong and Shanghai acquaintances persuading them to invest money with him and promising big returns. Many did; including several quite wealthy American women. Most invested just shy of US$20,000 (roughly US$420,000 in today’s money) with Timmerscheidt displaying just how wealthy some Shanghailanders were at the time.

In 1917 America joined the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Timmerscheidt came under suspicion for both financial fraud and for having lied to get American citizenship. Realising the game was up Timmerscheidt returned to his luxurious apartment on West 59^th Street in Manhattan, slashed his wrists and then impatient at how long it was taking him to die threw himself out of the apartment window in July 1917.

 

The story became curiouser when it appeared that Timmerscheidt had been in contact with Berlin and was using his inside knowledge of German strategies in the war to try and profit from the stock market in advance of big falls or rallies. For a time the strategy worked but then America’s entry into the war led to a drastic fall in the stock market and Timmerscheidt was largely wiped out. Those back in Shanghai who’d been ripped off argued in the American courts for years to try and reclaim their stakes. Some did eventually get some of their money back as Timmerscheidt had invested heavily in buying copper to hoard and sell to Germany. After the war  there was a shortage forcing copper prices high. A few did receive a payment eventually in the 1920s, but it had seriously dented their nest egg with endless legal wrangling, high lawyers fees and the necessity of leaving Shanghai and their businesses to be based in New York for months to attend court in Manhattan.

March 30 – Hong Kong FCC – Andrew Field on China’s F. Scott Fitzgerald & Shanghai Jazz Age Fiction

Andrew Field of Mu Shiying: China’s Lost Modernist will be at the Hong Kong FCC on March 30th in conversation with Leo Ou-fan Lee (author of the excellent Shanghai Modern)

26/3/04 – The Day America First Backed Japan’s Expansionist Policies

On March 26 1904 Secretary John Hay held talks with Japan’s Baron Kentaro Kaneko in the State Department in DC. The Russo-Japanese War was underway and TR liked the American-educated Kaneko. Kaneko believed that TR was siding (secretly) with Japan against Russia though  Hay had to remind TR that America was technically neutral in the conflict. Kaneko later went to the White House for a reception where TR made a byline to pump his hand and proceeded to talk in decidedly neutral terms about Japan’s role as a “civilising” nation in Asia. Kaneko suggested TR read Inazo Nitobe’s Bushido to better understand Japan. According to the Japanese ambassador to DC at the time, Kogoro Takahira, summarised the conversation saying that TR expressed confidence that Japan would win the war and become Asia’s leading nation.

Arguably this is the point at which America decided to back Japan against Russia and also detach itself from Korea leading to Korea’s later colonisation by Tokyo as well as encouraging Japan’s aggression towards China. An important meeting largely forgotten now.

TR stands between the leaders of the Russian (left) and Japanese delegations at the 1905 Portsmouth Naval Conference (the Treaty of Portsmouth). Kenaro is to TR’s right. 

Chinese General Store, Hawaii 1900

A picture of a Chinese general store in Hawaii around 1900. Don’t know where it was exactly but, at this time, there were around 26,000 Chinese in the islands mostly working as plantation labourers. However, some obviously moved into commerce…